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Redistricting after the 2020 demography
The 2020 wheel
Congressional circulation
Redistricting committees
Deadlines
Lawsuits
Condition of redistricting maps
2022 House elections with multiple incumbents
New U.Southward.House districts created later apportionment
Congressional maps
State legislative maps
Congressional and state legislative maps
Redistricting apps and software
General data
State-by-state redistricting procedures
Us census, 2020
Bulk-minority districts
Gerrymandering


Redistricting is the process of enacting new congressional and state legislative district boundaries. This commodity chronicles the 2020 redistricting cycle in Illinois.

Illinois enacted a congressional map on November 24, 2021, after Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed the proposal into law.[one] The Illinois State Senate voted 41-18 in favor of the map on October 28, 2021, followed by the Illinois House of Representatives voting 71-43 in favor on October 29, 2021.[2]

The Illinois Land Legislature approved new state legislative maps in a special session on August 31, 2021. Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed the new maps into police force on September 24, 2021.[3] These maps were revised versions of maps enacted on June 4, 2021, that the legislature based on not-census population estimates. Post-obit the release of demography information in August, the legislature reconvened to develop and approve a revised map. These maps were afterwards subject to a federal lawsuit that was decided on December 30, 2021, with the court upholding the maps enacted on September 24, 2021.[four] Learn more here.

For more information virtually the enactment of new maps in Illinois, click here.

Illinois' 17 U.s. representatives and 177 state legislators are all elected from political divisions called districts. District lines are redrawn every x years following completion of the United States demography. Federal law stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.

Come across the sections beneath for further information on the following topics:

  1. Summary: This section provides summary information about the drafting and enacting processes.
  2. Enactment: This section provides information near the enacted congressional and land legislative district maps.
  3. Drafting process: This section details the drafting process for new congressional and state legislative district maps.
  4. Apportionment and release of census data: This section details the 2020 apportionment process, including data from the United States Demography Bureau.
  5. Courtroom challenges: This department details court challenges to the enacted congressional and country legislative district maps.
  6. Groundwork: This section summarizes federal and state-based requirements for redistricting at both the congressional and state legislative levels. A summary of the 2010 redistricting cycle in Illinois is as well provided.

Summary

This department lists major events in the mail-2020 census redistricting bicycle in reverse chronological order. Major events include the release of apportionment information, the release of census population data, the introduction of formal map proposals, the enactment of new maps, and noteworthy court challenges. Click the dates below for additional data.

  • December. thirty, 2021: A three-judge console in the U.Due south. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois ruled confronting plaintiffs challenging the enacted state legislative maps and upheld the maps signed into law on Sept. 24, 2021.
  • November. 24, 2021: Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed the new congressional map plan into police force.
  • Oct. 29, 2021: The Illinois House of Representatives voted 71-43 in favor of the congressional map, sending it to Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) for final approving.
  • Oct. 28, 2021: Country legislative Democrats released a fourth congressional map plan. The Illinois State Senate voted to approve the proposal 41-18.
  • Oct. 27, 2021: State legislative Democrats released a tertiary congressional map programme.
  • Oct. 23, 2021: Country legislative Democrats released a revised congressional map programme.
  • Oct. 19, 2021: A three-judge panel in the U.S. District Courtroom for the Northern Commune of Illinois ordered plaintiffs and defendants in a redistricting lawsuit to submit revisions to the court of the state legislative district maps enacted in September for further review.[five]
  • Oct. 15, 2021: State legislative Democrats released their first proposed congressional map program.
  • Sept. 24, 2021: Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed the adjusted state legislative district maps into law.
  • Sept. 16, 2021: The U.Due south. Census Bureau released information from the 2020 demography in an easier-to-use format to country redistricting government and the public.
  • Aug. 31, 2021: Illinois lawmakers held a special session and approved the adapted legislative maps, sending them on to Gov. Pritzker (D) for his signature.
  • Aug. 30, 2021: State lawmakers in Illinois released their adjusted proposed maps for the Illinois State Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives.
  • Aug. 12, 2021: The U.S. Census Bureau delivered redistricting data to states in a legacy format.
  • July 14, 2021: Two redistricting lawsuits filed in the U.Due south. Commune Court for the Northern Commune of Illinois Eastern Division were consolidated and assigned to a three-gauge panel for consideration.
  • June 10, 2021: The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) filed a lawsuit in the U.s.a. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, challenging the legislative maps signed into law past Governor Pritzker (D) on June iv, 2021.
  • June 9, 2021: Illinois House Republican Leader Jim Durkin and Senate Republican Leader Dan McConchie filed a lawsuit in the U.s. Commune Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, challenging the legislative maps signed into police force by Governor Pritzker (D) on June 4, 2021.
  • June four, 2021: Governor J.B. Pritzker (D) signed the revised maps for the Illinois State Senate, the Illinois Firm of Representatives, and the Illinois Supreme Courtroom.
  • May 28, 2021: Illinois lawmakers canonical revised maps for the Illinois State Senate, the Illinois Firm of Representatives, and the Illinois Supreme Courtroom, sending them on to Governor J.B. Pritzker (D) for his signature.
  • May 21, 2021: Country lawmakers in Illinois released their proposed maps for the Illinois State Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives, becoming the 2d land in the 2020 redistricting cycle to produce draft legislative maps. Lawmakers besides released proposed maps for state supreme court districts, which were last redrawn in 1964.
  • Apr 26, 2021: The U.S. Demography Bureau delivered apportionment counts. Illinois was apportioned 17 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. This represented a cyberspace loss of one seat equally compared to apportionment afterwards the 2010 demography.

Enactment

Enacted congressional district maps

See also: Congressional commune maps implemented afterward the 2020 census

Illinois enacted a congressional map on November 24, 2021, after Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed the proposal into law.[1] The Illinois State Senate voted 41-18 in favor of the map on October 28, 2021, followed by the Illinois House of Representatives voting 71-43 in favor on October 29, 2021.[vi]

This map takes effect for Illinois' 2022 congressional elections.

Below are the congressional maps in issue earlier and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

Illinois Congressional Districts
until Jan two, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Illinois Congressional Districts
starting January 3, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Reactions

The Associated Printing' Sara Burnett wrote, "The map ... was intended to eliminate 2 Republican-held districts and make elections easier for Autonomous candidates, even with the state losing 1 congressional seat due to population loss."[one] Burnett also said the map "added a second predominantly Latino district, after census information showed Illinois' Latino population grew over the by decade. They likewise maintained three predominantly Black districts."[vii]

Land Sen. Don Harmon (D), president of the Senate, said the map "reflects the diversity of the state of Illinois," and combined communities "that shared political philosophies and policy objectives."[vii] Country Sen. Don DeWitte (R) said, "This will be the well-nigh gerrymandered map in the country, and this process volition exist used as the poster child for why politicians should never be immune to draw their own maps."[8]

Co-ordinate to The Chicago Tribune'due south Rick Pearson, the approved proposal drew the following pairs of incumbents into the aforementioned district:[ix]

  • U.S. Reps. Marie Newman (D) and Jesus Garcia (D)
  • U.Due south. Reps. Adam Kinzinger (R) and Darin LaHood (R)
  • U.S. Reps. Mary Miller (R) and Mike Bost (R)

Following the map's approval by the Illinois Country Legislature, Kinzinger announced he would not seek re-election in 2022. Additionally, Newman announced that she would seek re-ballot not against Garcia, just rather against U.S. Rep. Sean Casten (D) whose new district, nether the proposal, would consist of many areas represented by Newman before redistricting.[7]

Enacted country legislative district maps

See also: Land legislative district maps implemented after the 2020 demography

The Illinois State Legislature canonical new land legislative maps in a special session on August 31, 2021. Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed the new maps into law on September 24, 2021.[3] These maps were revised versions of maps enacted on June 4, 2021, that the legislature based on non-census population estimates. Post-obit the release of census data in Baronial, the legislature reconvened to develop and approve a revised map. These maps were subsequently subject to a federal lawsuit that was decided on December thirty, 2021, with the court upholding the maps enacted on September 24, 2021.[10] Learn more here.

State Senate map

Below is the country Senate map in event earlier and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

Illinois State Senate Districts
until January 10, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Illinois State Senate Districts
starting January eleven, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

State House map

Below is the state House map in consequence before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

Illinois State House Districts
until January ten, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Illinois Land House Districts
starting January eleven, 2023

Click a commune to compare boundaries.

Reactions

In a press release, Pritzker said, "These legislative maps align with the landmark Voting Rights Human action and will aid ensure Illinois' diversity is reflected in the halls of authorities."[11] House Minority Leader Jim Durkin (R) called the maps partisan, maxim, "One time once more, Gov. Pritzker has proven that he governs only for the Democratic political insiders and not for the people of Illinois."[eleven]

Previously enacted maps

Click on the header beneath to view data about the country legislative maps enacted on June 4, 2021.

Enacted state supreme courtroom district maps

New state supreme court district maps were signed into law by Governor J.B. Pritzker (D) on June four, 2021. The Illinois Supreme Court lifted a pause order on this map on January. one, 2022, resulting in its full implementation. This was the start time the state updated its judicial districts map since they were beginning enacted in 1964.[xv]

An epitome of the enacted state Supreme Court commune map is embedded below.

  • Click here for an interactive viewer of the enacted Supreme Courtroom map.
Illinois Land Supreme Court – enacted map (June 4, 2021)

Drafting process

The Illinois General Assembly is responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative commune lines. Both chambers of the state legislature must approve a redistricting plan. The governor may veto the lines drawn past the state legislature.[xvi]

In the issue that both chambers of the country legislature do not approve a legislative redistricting plan, a backup commission must describe the lines. The majority and minority leaders of each chamber must appoint two members each to the commission (ane legislator and ane general citizen). Of the viii commission members, no more than than four may vest to the same political party. In the event that these viii members cannot corroborate a plan, the Illinois Supreme Courtroom must select two individuals (from different political parties) as potential tiebreakers. The secretarial assistant of state must and then appoint one of these individuals to the backup commission to break the tie.[sixteen]

The Illinois Constitution requires that state legislative districts be "face-to-face and reasonably compact." There are no such requirements in place for the state's congressional districts.[16]

State law likewise mandates the establishment of state legislative districts "that allow racial or language minority communities to elect--or influence the ballot of--the candidates of their option, even if no comparable district would exist required by the federal Voting Rights Act."[16]

Timeline

Congressional redistricting
Illinois did not set a specific redistricting deadline for congressional maps in the 2020 redistricting cycle. The candidate filing deadline for the 2022 election cycle in Illinois was March 14, 2022, an inferred redistricting borderline.[17] The Illinois Legislature approved new congressional lines on Oct. 29, 2021, which were signed into police by Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) on November. 24, 2021.[1]

Legislative redistricting
The legislature's deadline to consummate redistricting for the country House and Senate was June 30, 2021. In Illinois, if the legislature fails to come across its deadline, an eight-person commission is formed with an ultimate deadline of Oct. 5, 2021.[17] The Illinois Legislature passed its first state legislative maps on May 28, 2021, which were signed into police force by Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) on June 4. These maps were created using preliminary data rather than the official 2020 census data, which was not released until August 2021. On Aug. 31, legislators canonical a revised map using the census information. Pritzker signed these maps into law on Sept. 24, 2021.

Committees and/or commissions involved in the procedure

In Illinois, each bedchamber of the state legislature has its own redistricting commission. Equally of May 25, 2021, these committees had the following members:[18] [19]

Illinois Senate Redistricting Committee membership, 2020 cycle
Name Partisan affiliation
Chair: Omar Aquino Electiondot.png Democratic
Vice-Chair: Elgie R. Sims, Jr. Electiondot.png Democratic
Minority Spokesperson : Jason Barickman Ends.png Republican
Scott Yard. Bennett Electiondot.png Democratic
Cristina Castro Electiondot.png Democratic
Nib Cunningham Electiondot.png Democratic
Mattie Hunter Electiondot.png Democratic
Emil Jones Electiondot.png Democratic
Laura Irish potato Electiondot.png Democratic
Steve McClure Ends.png Republican
Dan McConchie Ends.png Republican
Jason Plummer Ends.png Republican
Illinois House Redistricting Committee membership, 2020 cycle
Proper name Partisan affiliation
Chair: Elizabeth Hernandez Electiondot.png Democratic
Vice-Chair: Curtis Tarver Ii Electiondot.png Democratic
Minority Spokesperson : Tim Butler Ends.png Republican
Avery Bourne Ends.png Republican
Kelly Chiliad. Burke Electiondot.png Democratic
Jehan Gordon-Booth Electiondot.png Democratic
Jay Hoffman Electiondot.png Democratic
Theresa Mah Electiondot.png Democratic
Dave Severin Ends.png Republican
Ryan Kingdom of spain Ends.png Republican

Drafts and proposals

Congressional district maps

On October 28, country legislative Democrats released their fourth proposed congressional commune map.[9] On Oct. 29, the Illinois Country Legislature voted to ship this proposal to Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) for final approval. [9]

Map images

An prototype of the October 28 proposal is embedded below and can be viewed hither.

Reactions

Land Sen. Don Harmon (D), president of the Senate, said the map "reflects the multifariousness of the state of Illinois," and combined communities "that shared political philosophies and policy objectives."[7]

Land Sen. Don DeWitte (R) said, "This will exist the most gerrymandered map in the country, and this procedure will be used as the poster child for why politicians should never be allowed to draw their own maps."[20]

According to The Chicago Tribune's Rick Pearson, the approved proposal drew the following pairs of incumbents into the same district:[9]

  • U.S. Reps. Marie Newman (D) and Jesus Garcia (D)
  • U.South. Reps. Adam Kinzinger (R) and Darin LaHood (R)
  • U.S. Reps. Mary Miller (R) and Mike Bost (R)

Following the map's approving past the Illinois State Legislature, Kinzinger appear he would not seek re-ballot in 2022. Additionally, Newman announced that she would seek re-election non against Garcia, but rather confronting U.Due south. Rep. Sean Casten (D) whose new district, under the proposal, would consist of many areas represented by Newman earlier redistricting.[seven]

The Associated Press' Sara Burnett likewise observed:

"

Democrats added a second predominantly Latino district, after census data showed Illinois' Latino population grew over the past decade. They likewise maintained three predominantly Black districts.[7] [21]

"
Legislative blessing

On Oct. 28, the Illinois Country Senate voted 41-18 in favor of the map. On Oct. 29, the Illinois House of Representatives voted 71-43 in favor, sending it to Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) for final approval.[ix]

Previous proposals

Click on the header below to view information regarding the state legislative maps proposed by the Illinois State Legislature on Oct. 15, 2021, and revised maps released on Oct. 23 and 27.

Legislative district maps

Lawmakers in Illinois approved two sets of maps. The first set, released on May 21, 2021, was based on American Customs Survey information. This made Illinois the second state in the 2020 redistricting cycle to produce draft maps.[27] Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed these maps into law on June 4, 2021. On August thirty, 2021, lawmakers released a revised prepare of maps for the Illinois State Senate and Illinois Business firm of Representatives adjusted to account for the 2020 demography data released by the U.Southward. Census Bureau on Baronial 12, 2021, which were legislatively approved on August 31.[28] Pritzker signed the revised maps into law on September 24, 2021.[29] On Oct. 19, a three-guess console in the U.South. Commune Court for the Northern Commune of Illinois ordered plaintiffs and defendants in a redistricting lawsuit to submit revisions to the September maps to the courtroom for further review.[5] Larn more hither.

Map images

Images of the August set of proposed statewide maps are embedded below.

Illinois State Senate – proposed map (Aug. 31, 2021)
  • Click here for an interactive view of the proposed Senate maps.
Illinois Firm of Representatives – proposed map (Aug. 31, 2021)
  • Click here for an interactive view of the proposed House maps.
Reactions

Chairwoman of the Illinois House Redistricting Commission, Rep. Elizabeth Hernandez (D), upon the release of the adapted maps said that they, "ameliorate reflect the data we recently received from the U.Due south. Census and ensure communities are represented past the people of their choice."[30]

State Rep. Avery Bourne (R) criticized the redistricting process proverb, "This is the opposite of transparent. It was a sham to ask the public to be in those hearings if you're not fifty-fifty going to accept into consideration their suggestions."[31]

Legislative blessing

Subsequently releasing the proposed maps on August xxx, 2021, lawmakers held a special session on August 31, 2021, for the purpose of voting on the maps. Lawmakers approved the adjusted maps on August 31, 2021. The House voted 73-43 in favor of the maps, and the Senate voted 40-17 in favor of the maps.[32] [33]

Previous proposals

Click on the header below to view information regarding the country legislative maps proposed and approved by the Illinois State Legislature in May 2021.

State supreme court districts

On May 21, 2021, state lawmakers released proposed maps for state supreme courtroom districts, which were last redrawn in 1964. Illinois is divided into five supreme court districts. Cook Canton (home to Chicago) forms a single district, but it is allocated three seats on the 7-member court. Downstate Illinois is divided into four districts, each with ane seat on the court.[35]

The land constitution allows state lawmakers to redraw supreme court districts at any time. Yet, according to The Chicago Tribune, "lawmakers have traditionally used boundaries for the circuit, appellate and Supreme Court laid out in a 1964 overhaul of the state's courtroom organisation."[35]

Map images

An image of the proposed supreme courtroom district map is embedded below.

  • Click hither for an interactive viewer of the proposed House supreme court district map.
Illinois Supreme Court – proposed map (May 25, 2021)
Reactions

Rep. Elizabeth Hernandez (D), chair of the House Redistricting Commission, said it was necessary to redraw the court's district maps to ensure more equal populations between districts: "This map is about equal representation in the state's most important court. Equally we strive for all to be equal before the law, we must ensure we all have an equal voice in choosing those who uphold it."[35]

The land Republican Political party opposed the redrawn the state supreme court map: "This is a brazen abuse of our judicial system and nothing more than than political gamesmanship with what should be an independent court, costless of decadent influence."[36]

Legislative approval

On May 28, 2021, Illinois lawmakers approved a revised state supreme court commune map. The House voted 71-45 in favor of the maps, with all Democrats nowadays voting 'yea' and all Republicans present voting 'nay.' The Senate voted 40-18 in favor of the maps, as well with all Democrats present voting 'yea' and all Republicans present voting 'nay.'[37]

Apportionment and release of census information

Apportionment is the process by which representation in a legislative body is distributed among its constituents. The number of seats in the Usa House of Representatives is fixed at 435. The United States Constitution dictates that districts be redrawn every 10 years to ensure equal populations between districts. Every x years, upon completion of the Usa census, reapportionment occurs.[38]

Apportionment following the 2020 census

The U.S. Census Agency delivered apportionment counts on April 26, 2021. Illinois was apportioned 17 seats in the U.South. House of Representatives. This represented a net loss of one seat as compared to circulation after the 2010 census.[39]

Come across the tabular array beneath for additional details.

2020 and 2010 census data for Illinois
State 2010 demography 2020 census 2010-2020
Population U.S. House seats Population U.Southward. Business firm seats Raw change in population Percentage alter in population Change in U.S. Firm seats
Illinois 12,864,380 18 12,822,739 17 -41,641 -0.32% -one

Redistricting data from the Census Bureau

On Feb 12, 2021, the Census Bureau announced that it would deliver redistricting data to the states by September 30, 2021. On March 15, 2021, the Census Bureau released a statement indicating it would make redistricting information available to the states in a legacy format in mid-to-late August 2021. A legacy format presents the data in raw course, without data tables and other admission tools. On May 25, 2021, Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost (R) announced that the land had reached a settlement agreement with the Census Agency in its lawsuit over the Census Bureau's timetable for delivering redistricting information. Under the terms of the settlement, the Census Bureau agreed to deliver redistricting information, in a legacy format, by Baronial sixteen, 2021.[40] [41] [42] [43] The Census Agency released the 2020 redistricting information in a legacy format on Baronial 12, 2021, and in an easier-to-utilise format at data.demography.gov on September sixteen, 2021.[44] [45]

Court challenges

If you are aware of any relevant lawsuits that are not listed here, delight email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.

Contreras et. al. v. Illinois State Board of Elections

The Illinois State Legislature enacted ii sets of land legislative maps during the 2020 redistricting cycle:

  • The get-go, which Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed into law on June 4, 2021, redrew land House and Senate lines using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), a demographics survey program conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau but distinct from the decennial census. Co-ordinate to state constitutional requirements, the legislature had a June thirty deadline to consummate its maps. If the legislature had missed that deadline, the map-making process would have transferred to a committee.[5]
  • The second, which Gov. Pritzker signed into police force on Sept. 24, 2021, revised the June maps. Information from the 2020 census was officially released in August 2021, prompting legislators to reconvene in a special session and adopt revised maps based on the official demography data. The June maps were never repealed.[3]

On Oct. 19, 2021, a three-judge panel in the U.Due south. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois alleged that the state legislative maps enacted on June 4, 2021, were unconstitutional based on violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.[5] The Oct. 19 ruling did not declare either the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of the maps enacted in September.[46]

On Dec. thirty, 2021, the panel ruled against the plaintiffs and upheld the state legislative maps enacted on Sept. 24, 2021.[47]

To read the courtroom'due south final opinion, click here.

Case groundwork

Following the enactment of the June maps, plaintiffs filed ii lawsuits in the U.S. Commune Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division: Illinois House and Senate Republican leaders Jim Durkin and Dan McConchie on June 9, 2021, and the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) on June x, 2021.[48] [49] [fifty]

The two lawsuits were consolidated in a unmarried instance and assigned to a three-approximate panel on July 14, 2021.[51] [52] [53] Robert Dow Jr. of the Northern District of Illinois, Jon E. DeGuilio of the Northern District of Indiana, and Michael B. Brennan of the 7th U.Due south. Circuit Courtroom of Appeals were assigned to the case.[51]

In their initial complaints, both sets of plaintiffs declared that the June maps were malapportioned since they were based on ACS data rather than the data from the official 2020 census.[49] [54] [55]

In a July 16 motility, the Illinois State Board of Elections and the offices of House Speaker Welch (D) and Senate President Harmon (D) said that neither the Illinois constitution nor the U.S. constitution required census data to be used in redistricting. They also said that until the 2020 census data was released, the courtroom had no way to measure out the validity of the plaintiffs' equal protection arguments.[52]

The U.S. Demography Bureau released official 2020 demography data in August 2021 which prompted the state legislature to reconvene for a special session to revise the June maps based on census information. Those maps were sent to Gov. Pritzker who signed them into constabulary on Sept. 24, 2021.[three]

On Oct. 1, 2021, both sets of plaintiffs filed amended complaints saying the September maps violated the U.S. Constitution, as declared in the initial complaints, also as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Both groups of plaintiffs said that Illinois' Latino population grew over the preceding decade, but the September maps reduced the number of Latino opportunity districts, where Latinos make upwardly more 50% of the population.[56]

On Oct. 15, the Eastward St. Louis Branch NAACP, amidst others, filed a divide lawsuit in the U.S. Commune Court for the Northern Commune of Illinois requesting the court prevent the state from enforcing the state legislative maps canonical and enacted in September. Plaintiffs alleged that the September plan constituted an unconstitutional racial gerrymander by peachy predominately Blackness communities in East St. Louis into three divide districts: House Districts 112, 113, and 114.[57] The case was reassigned to the three-judge panel overseeing the McConchie and Contreras cases on Oct. 20.[58]

For additional information about the private lawsuits, including the remedies sought, click "Bear witness more than" beneath.

Testify more

McConchie and Durkin five. Illinois Land Board of Elections

The McConchie and Durkin complaint focused on the use of data from the U.South. Demography Bureau's v-yr American Customs Survey (ACS), instead of the information from the 2020 census. Plaintiffs cited undercounts by the ACS compared with the federal data saying, "[ACS] estimates are not intended to be, and are non, a proper substitute for the official census counts." They alleged that "because information technology uses ACS estimates for population information, the Redistricting Plan does not ensure that the Senate and Representative Districts satisfy the constitutional mandate of essentially equal populations [among districts]."[54] [55] They asked the court to declare the enacted maps unconstitutional and to appoint either a bipartisan legislative commission or a special master (exterior proficient) to draft new maps. Democratic leaders of the Senate Redistricting Committee Omar Aquino and Elgie Sims responded to the lawsuit in a joint statement proverb, "We stand by our work to ensure everyone has a voice in country government."[54]

Later on the release of the Usa Census Data on August 12, 2021, McConchie and Durkin filed a move for summary judgment on the case on August 19, 2021. The motion argued that the maps should be ruled unconstitutional ab initio, or from the beginning, for exceeding the maximum x% difference permitted, with "29.88% [deviation] for House Districts and xx.25% for Senate Districts."[59]

To read the official complaint filed click hither.

Contreras 5. Illinois Country Board of Elections

The MALDEF complaint declared the maps were malapportioned because they used data from the ACS instead of data from the 2020 census. They besides said the maps violated the Fourteenth Amendment, writing "ACS data are an estimate of population characteristics based on sample data, and non a count of U.S. citizens and not-U.Due south. citizens."[49] The plaintiffs declared that "the Enacted Plans purportedly ensure compliance with the 'i-person, one-vote' standard mandated by the Fourteenth Amendment; nevertheless, ACS data is inadequate for that purpose."[49] They asked the court to declare that the enacted plans violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, and requested an injunction to prevent the defendants from using the maps in future state General Assembly elections. They also asked for an injunction requiring the defendants to draw new maps based on the data from the 2020 census.[49]

On July 28, 2021, MALDEF attorneys filed an amended complaint saying that, because Contreras, Fuentes, Martinez, Padilla, and Torres lived in the allegedly malapportioned districts, the June maps would dilute their votes in future elections.[60]

To read the official complaint filed click here.

United Congress of Customs and Religious Organizations et al v. Illinois State Lath of Elections et al

On Oct. 15, the United Congress of Community and Religious Organizations, the E St. Louis Co-operative NAACP, and the Illinois State Briefing of the NAACP filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against the state lath of elections requesting the courtroom prevent the country from enforcing the state legislative maps approved and enacted in September. The groups declared that the September plan constituted an unconstitutional racial gerrymander by cracking predominately Blackness communities in E St. Louis into three separate districts: House Districts 112, 113, and 114.[57] To read the official complaint filed, click [001.East-St.-Louis-NAACP-v.-ISBE-et-al.Complaint.10.15.2021 here].

On October. xx, Approximate Jorge L. Alonso granted an unopposed motility filed by the plaintiffs requesting that this example be reassigned to the existing three-judge console overseeing the McConchie and Contreras cases.[58]

To read the official complaint filed click hither.

Illinois African Americans for Equitable Redistricting complaint

On Oct. eleven, the Illinois African Americans for Equitable Redistricting (IAAFER) filed a complaint with the U.S. Section of Justice regarding the state legislative maps approved and enacted in September 2021. The Center Square's Kevin Bessler wrote that the group wanted "to ensure that the maps optimize opportunities for minority voters to elect candidates of their choice."[61] Regarding the September, IAAFER released a statement saying:

"

Black people comprised 14% of Illinois' population in 2011, and yet comprise xiv% of Illinois' population in 2021. Withal, the number of majority Black districts has been cut by 50%. White people comprised 60% of Illinois' population in 2011, and 58% of Illinois' population in 2021. Yet, 69% if the districts fatigued in the redistricting plan, are majority White. In fact, ii new majority White representative districts were formed by dismantling a majority Black district in Due east St. Louis, Illinois.[62] [21]

"

Background

This section includes groundwork information on federal requirements for congressional redistricting, state legislative redistricting, state-based requirements, redistricting methods used in the 50 states, gerrymandering, and recent court decisions.

Federal requirements for congressional redistricting

According to Article I, Department iv of the United states Constitution, united states of america and their legislatures accept primary authorisation in determining the "times, places, and mode" of congressional elections. Congress may as well laissez passer laws regulating congressional elections.[63] [64]

" The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law brand or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.[21] "
—United States Constitution

Article I, Department 2 of the United States Constitution stipulates that congressional representatives be apportioned to u.s.a. on the footing of population. There are 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Each land is allotted a portion of these seats based on the size of its population relative to the other states. Consequently, a country may gain seats in the House if its population grows or lose seats if its population decreases, relative to populations in other states. In 1964, the United States Supreme Courtroom ruled in Wesberry v. Sanders that the populations of Business firm districts must exist equal "as nearly as practicable."[65] [66] [67]

The equal population requirement for congressional districts is strict. According to All Nearly Redistricting, "Whatever district with more or fewer people than the average (besides known as the 'ideal' population), must exist specifically justified by a consistent state policy. And fifty-fifty consequent policies that crusade a 1 percent spread from largest to smallest district will likely be unconstitutional."[67]

Federal requirements for country legislative redistricting

The United States Constitution is silent on the issue of state legislative redistricting. In the mid-1960s, the Us Supreme Court issued a serial of rulings in an endeavour to clarify standards for state legislative redistricting. In Reynolds v. Sims, the courtroom ruled that "the Equal Protection Clause [of the United States Constitution] demands no less than substantially equal land legislative representation for all citizens, of all places as well equally of all races." According to All About Redistricting, "it has become accepted that a [redistricting] plan will exist constitutionally suspect if the largest and smallest districts [within a land or jurisdiction] are more than 10 percent apart."[67]

State-based requirements

In addition to the federal criteria noted in a higher place, individual states may impose additional requirements on redistricting. Mutual state-level redistricting criteria are listed below.

  1. Contiguity refers to the principle that all areas within a district should be physically next. A total of 49 states require that districts of at to the lowest degree 1 land legislative chamber be contiguous (Nevada has no such requirement, imposing no requirements on redistricting across those enforced at the federal level). A total of 23 states require that congressional districts meet contiguity requirements.[67] [68]
  2. Compactness refers to the general principle that the constituents within a commune should live as near to one another every bit practicable. A total of 37 states impose compactness requirements on state legislative districts; xviii states impose like requirements for congressional districts.[67] [68]
  3. A customs of involvement is defined past FairVote every bit a "group of people in a geographical expanse, such as a specific region or neighborhood, who have common political, social or economic interests." A total of 24 states require that the maintenance of communities of interest be considered in the drawing of land legislative districts. A total of 13 states impose similar requirements for congressional districts.[67] [68]
  4. A total of 42 states require that state legislative district lines be fatigued to business relationship for political boundaries (e.g., the limits of counties, cities, and towns). A total of xix states require that similar considerations be made in the cartoon of congressional districts.[67] [68]

Methods

In full general, a state's redistricting authority can be classified equally one of the following:[69]

  1. Legislature-ascendant: In a legislature-ascendant state, the legislature retains the ultimate say-so to draft and enact district maps. Maps enacted by the legislature may or may not exist discipline to gubernatorial veto. Advisory commissions may also be involved in the redistricting procedure, although the legislature is not leap to adopt an informational commission's recommendations.
  2. Commission: In a commission state, an extra-legislative commission retains the ultimate authority to typhoon and enact district maps. A non-political leader committee is 1 whose members cannot hold elective office. A political leader commission is 1 whose members can agree elective office.
  3. Hybrid: In a hybrid state, the legislature shares redistricting authority with a committee.

Gerrymandering

In 1812, Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry signed into police force a state Senate district map that, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "consolidated the Federalist Party vote in a few districts and thus gave disproportionate representation to Autonomous-Republicans." The word gerrymander was coined past The Boston Gazette to describe the district.

See likewise: Gerrymandering

The term gerrymandering refers to the practice of drawing balloter district lines to favor one political party, individual, or constituency over another. When used in a rhetorical manner by opponents of a particular district map, the term has a negative connotation just does non necessarily accost the legality of a challenged map. The term tin too be used in legal documents; in this context, the term describes redistricting practices that violate federal or country laws.[lxx] [71]

For additional background data nearly gerrymandering, click "[Evidence more]" below.

Show more

The phrase racial gerrymandering refers to the practice of drawing electoral commune lines to dilute the voting power of racial minority groups. Federal law prohibits racial gerrymandering and establishes that, to combat this practice and to ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Deed, states and jurisdictions can create majority-minority electoral districts. A majority-minority district is one in which a racial group or groups contain a bulk of the district'southward populations. Racial gerrymandering and majority-minority districts are discussed in greater particular in this article.[72]

The phrase partisan gerrymandering refers to the exercise of drawing electoral commune maps with the intention of favoring one party over another. In contrast with racial gerrymandering, on which the Supreme Courtroom of the United States has issued rulings in the by affirming that such practices violate federal law, the loftier courtroom had not, as of November 2017, issued a ruling establishing clear precedent on the question of partisan gerrymandering. Although the court has granted in past cases that partisan gerrymandering tin violate the The states Constitution, it has never adopted a standard for identifying or measuring partisan gerrymanders. Partisan gerrymandering is described in greater detail in this article.[73] [74]

Contempo court decisions

See also: Redistricting cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States has, in recent years, issued several decisions dealing with redistricting policy, including rulings relating to the consideration of race in drawing district maps, the use of full population tallies in circulation, and the constitutionality of contained redistricting commissions. The rulings in these cases, which originated in a diverseness of states, touch redistricting processes across the nation.

For additional groundwork information almost these cases, click "[Testify more]" below.

Show more

Gill v. Whitford (2018)

See too: Gill v. Whitford

In Gill v. Whitford, decided on June eighteen, 2018, the Supreme Court of the U.s. ruled that the plaintiffs—12 Wisconsin Democrats who alleged that Wisconsin's land legislative district plan had been subject to an unconstitutional gerrymander in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments—had failed to demonstrate standing nether Article Three of the United States Constitution to bring a complaint. The court's stance, penned by Primary Justice John Roberts, did non accost the broader question of whether partisan gerrymandering claims are justiciable and remanded the case to the district courtroom for farther proceedings. Roberts was joined in the bulk opinion past Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan. Kagan penned a concurring opinion joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor. Associate Justice Clarence Thomas penned an opinion that concurred in part with the bulk opinion and in the judgment, joined past Acquaintance Justice Neil Gorsuch.[75]

Cooper v. Harris (2017)

See also: Cooper v. Harris

In Cooper v. Harris, decided on May 22, 2017, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed the judgment of the United States Commune Courtroom for the Middle District of North Carolina, finding that two of North Carolina'due south congressional districts, the boundaries of which had been set following the 2010 United States Census, had been subject to an illegal racial gerrymander in violation of Section two of the Voting Rights Act. Justice Elena Kagan delivered the court'due south majority opinion, which was joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor (Thomas also filed a carve up concurring stance). In the court's majority opinion, Kagan described the two-part assay utilized by the high courtroom when plaintiffs criminate racial gerrymandering equally follows: "First, the plaintiff must prove that 'race was the predominant factor motivating the legislature'south decision to place a significant number of voters within or without a particular district.' ... Second, if racial considerations predominated over others, the design of the commune must withstand strict scrutiny. The burden shifts to the Land to prove that its race-based sorting of voters serves a 'compelling interest' and is 'narrowly tailored' to that end." In regard to the commencement part of the same assay, Kagan went on to notation that "a plaintiff succeeds at this stage even if the bear witness reveals that a legislature elevated race to the predominant criterion in order to accelerate other goals, including political ones." Justice Samuel Alito delivered an stance that concurred in part and dissented in part with the bulk opinion. This opinion was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Anthony Kennedy.[76] [77] [78]

Evenwel v. Abbott (2016)

See likewise: Evenwel v. Abbott

Evenwel five. Abbott was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the U.s. in 2016. At issue was the constitutionality of state legislative districts in Texas. The plaintiffs, Sue Evenwel and Edward Pfenninger, argued that commune populations ought to take into account only the number of registered or eligible voters residing within those districts as opposed to full population counts, which are by and large used for redistricting purposes. Full population tallies include non-voting residents, such as immigrants residing in the country without legal permission, prisoners, and children. The plaintiffs alleged that this tabulation method dilutes the voting power of citizens residing in districts that are home to smaller concentrations of non-voting residents. The courtroom ruled 8-0 on April 4, 2016, that a state or locality can utilize full population counts for redistricting purposes. The majority opinion was penned past Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.[79] [fourscore] [81] [82]

Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2016)

Justice Stephen Breyer penned the majority stance in Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission.

See also: Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Committee

Harris five. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2016. At event was the constitutionality of state legislative districts that were created past the commission in 2012. The plaintiffs, a group of Republican voters, alleged that "the commission diluted or inflated the votes of almost 2 million Arizona citizens when the commission intentionally and systematically overpopulated sixteen Republican districts while under-populating xi Democrat districts." This, the plaintiffs argued, constituted a partisan gerrymander. The plaintiffs claimed that the commission placed a unduly large number of non-minority voters in districts dominated by Republicans; meanwhile, the commission allegedly placed many minority voters in smaller districts that tended to vote Democratic. As a result, the plaintiffs argued, more voters overall were placed in districts favoring Republicans than in those favoring Democrats, thereby diluting the votes of citizens in the Republican-dominated districts. The defendants countered that the population deviations resulted from legally defensible efforts to comply with the Voting Rights Act and obtain approving from the Us Department of Justice. At the time of redistricting, sure states were required to obtain preclearance from the U.South. Section of Justice earlier adopting redistricting plans or making other changes to their ballot laws—a requirement struck downwards by the United States Supreme Court in Shelby County v. Holder (2013). On April 20, 2016, the court ruled unanimously that the plaintiffs had failed to testify that a partisan gerrymander had taken place. Instead, the courtroom institute that the committee had acted in good faith to comply with the Voting Rights Act. The court's majority opinion was penned by Justice Stephen Breyer.[84] [85]

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2015)

See besides: Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United states of america in 2015. At issue was the constitutionality of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, which was established by state constitutional amendment in 2000. According to Article I, Section iv of the United States Constitution, "the Times, Places and Fashion of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each Country by the Legislature thereof." The state legislature argued that the use of the word "legislature" in this context is literal; therefore, only a state legislature may draw congressional commune lines. Meanwhile, the commission contended that the word "legislature" ought to be interpreted to mean "the legislative powers of the state," including voter initiatives and referenda. On June 29, 2015, the court ruled five-4 in favor of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, finding that "redistricting is a legislative function, to be performed in accordance with the state'southward prescriptions for lawmaking, which may include the plebiscite and the governor's veto." The majority opinion was penned by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and joined by Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan, and Sonia Sotomayor. Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, and Samuel Alito dissented.[86] [87] [88] [89]

Trifectas and redistricting

In 34 of the states that conducted legislative elections in 2020, the legislatures themselves played a pregnant part in the subsequent redistricting process. The winner of eight of 2020's gubernatorial elections had veto authority over state legislative or congressional district plans approved past legislatures. The party that won trifecta control of a state in which redistricting authority rests with the legislature directed the process that produces the maps that will be used for the remainder of the decade. Trifecta shifts in the 2010 election wheel illustrate this point. In 2010, 12 states in which legislatures had say-so over redistricting saw shifts in trifecta status. Prior to the 2010 elections, vii of these states were Autonomous trifectas; the residual were divided governments. Afterward the 2010 elections, seven of these states became Republican trifectas; the residual either remained or became divided governments. The table below details these shifts and charts trifecta status heading into the 2020 election cycle.

The 12 legislature-redistricting states that saw trifecta shifts in 2010 – subsequent trifecta status
State Main redistricting authority Pre-2010 trifecta status Post-2010 trifecta condition Post-2018 trifecta status
Alabama Legislature Divided Republican Republican
Colorado Congressional maps: legislature
State legislative maps: politician commission		 Autonomous Divided Democratic
Indiana Legislature Divided Republican Republican
Iowa Legislature Autonomous Divided Republican
Maine Legislature Democratic Republican Autonomous
Michigan Legislature Divided Republican Divided
New Hampshire Legislature Autonomous Divided Divided
North Carolina Legislature Democratic Divided Divided
Ohio Congressional maps: legislature
State legislative maps: politician commission		 Divided Republican Republican
Oregon Legislature Democratic Divided Democratic
Pennsylvania Congressional maps: legislature
State legislative maps: politician commission		 Divided Republican Divided
Wisconsin Legislature Democratic Republican Divided

2010 redistricting cycle

Redistricting in Illinois after the 2010 demography

Following the completion of the 2010 United states Census, Illinois lost one congressional seat. At the time of redistricting, Democrats held majorities in both chambers of the state legislature. On May xxx, 2011, the Illinois House of Representatives approved a congressional redistricting plan. The Illinois State Senate canonical the plan on May 31, 2011, and Governor Pat Quinn (D) signed information technology into law on June 24, 2011. Legal suits were filed challenging the new congressional district map, but these were all ultimately dismissed.[16] [ninety] [91]

The country legislative redistricting programme was passed by the legislature on May 27, 2011. Quinn signed the map into constabulary on June iii, 2011. Every bit with the congressional map, lawsuits were filed challenging the new land legislative districts. These suits were ultimately dismissed.[sixteen]

See also

  • Redistricting in Illinois after the 2010 census
  • Redistricting in Illinois
  • Country-by-state redistricting procedures
  • Bulk-minority districts

External links

  • Search Google News for this topic
  • All About Redistricting
  • Dave's Redistricting
  • FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every Land"
  • National Conference of State Legislatures, "Redistricting Procedure"
  • FairVote, "Redistricting"

Footnotes

  1. ↑ one.0 1.1 ane.2 ane.iii The Associated Printing, "Gov. Pritzker signs new Illinois congressional map into law," Nov. 24, 2021
  2. ↑ Chicago Tribune, "Quaternary version of a Democratic-drawn congressional map passed by legislators, heads to Pritzker," Oct. 29, 2021
  3. ↑ iii.0 three.1 3.2 3.3 Capitol News Illinois, "Pritzker signs revised state legislative maps," Sept. 24, 2021
  4. ↑ Longview News-Journal, "Court upholds Illinois legislative redistricting programme," Jan. four, 2021
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.ane 5.2 five.iii Court Listenener, "Memorandum Opinion and Club," Oct. 19, 2021
  6. ↑ Chicago Tribune, "Fourth version of a Democratic-drawn congressional map passed by legislators, heads to Pritzker," Oct. 29, 2021
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.i 7.2 seven.3 7.4 vii.5 Associated Press, "Illinois Dems comprehend gerrymandering in fight for U.s. Business firm," Oct. 29, 2021
  8. ↑ WBEZ, "Illinois Democrats' new congressional map expands their ability, but snubs one of their ain," Oct. 29, 2021
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 ix.2 9.three nine.4 Chicago Tribune, "Fourth version of a Democratic-drawn congressional map passed by legislators, heads to Pritzker," Oct. 29, 2021
  10. ↑ Longview News-Periodical, "Courtroom upholds Illinois legislative redistricting programme," Jan. iv, 2021
  11. ↑ xi.0 11.1 Illinois.gov, "Gov. Pritzker Signs Revised Legislative Maps that Preserve Minority Representation and Reflect Illinois' Diverseness," Sept. 24, 2021
  12. ↑ Illinois News, "Gov. Pritzker Signs Redistricting Maps that Preserve Minority Representation and Reflect Illinois' Diverseness," accessed June 9, 2021
  13. ↑ Chicago Tribune, "Gov. J.B. Pritzker signs into law new maps for Illinois legislature, state Supreme Courtroom," accessed June 9, 2021
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Illinois House Republicans, "Republicans respond to Pritzker's signing of partisan-drawn maps," accessed June 9, 2021
  15. ↑ Daily Herald, "Illinois Supreme Court lifts hold on judicial redistricting," Dec. 8, 2021
  16. ↑ sixteen.0 xvi.1 16.ii 16.3 xvi.4 16.5 All About Redistricting, "Illinois," accessed April 16, 2015
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.one All About Redistricting, "Illinois," accessed Nov. 24, 2021
  18. ↑ Illinois Senate Redistricting Committee, "Illinois Senate Redistricting Committee Members," accessed May 25, 2021
  19. ↑ Illinois Full general Associates, "Redistricting Committee - Members," accessed May 25, 2021
  20. ↑ WBEZ, "Illinois Democrats' new congressional map expands their ability, but snubs one of their ain," Oct. 29, 2021
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.ii 21.iii Notation: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Whatever inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  22. ↑ Google Maps, "Congressional Draft 3 10.27.2021," October. 27, 2021
  23. ↑ Stamford Advocate, "Illinois Democrats unveil updated congressional maps," Oct. 24, 2021
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.i 24.two 24.3 Associated Printing, "Illinois Democrats unveil updated congressional maps," Oct. 24, 2021
  25. ↑ Capitol News Illinois, "UPDATED: New congressional maps unveiled ahead of autumn veto session," Oct. xv, 2021
  26. ↑ The Chicago Tribune, "New congressional maps from Illinois Democrats seek to extend House majority, putting Adam Kinzinger in a left-leaning district with Marie Newman," Oct. fifteen, 2021
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.three CBS Chicago, "Illinois Democrats Release Proposed Maps For Full general Assembly's House, Senate Districts; Republicans Slam Maps Equally 'Effort To Block Off-white Elections," May 22, 2021
  28. ↑ Cite mistake: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named abcILmaps2.0
  29. ↑ Chicago Dominicus-Times, "Pritzker signs new land legislative maps to 'reflect diversity,' but rivals say they 'steal representation' from people of color," Sept. 24, 2021
  30. ↑ nbc five Chicago, "Illinois Democrats OK New Legislative Maps Over Criticism," accessed September one, 2021
  31. ↑ Chicago Sun Times, "Remap remake? Illinois Democrats OK new legislative boundaries, Republicans cry 'sham'," accessed September 14, 2021
  32. ↑ Illinois 102nd General Assembly: First Special Session, "House Resolution 443," accessed September 1, 2021
  33. ↑ Illinois 102nd General Assembly: First Special Session, "Senate Resolution No. 3," accessed September 1, 2021
  34. ↑ BillTrack50, "IL HB2777," accessed June two, 2021
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.i 35.2 The Chicago Tribune, "Democrats want to redraw Illinois Supreme Courtroom districts for first time in most 60 years in try to maintain majority," May 25, 2021
  36. ↑ Chicago Dominicus-Times, "Dems depict new maps for 'equal representation' on country'due south pinnacle court — but draw GOP's ire for 'political gamesmanship,'" May 25, 2021
  37. ↑ BillTrack50, "IL SB0642," accessed June two, 2021
  38. ↑ United States Demography Bureau, "Apportionment," accessed July xi, 2018
  39. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "2020 Census Apportionment Results Delivered to the President," April 26, 2021
  40. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "2020 Demography Operational Plan: Executive Summary," Dec 2015
  41. ↑ Us Demography Agency, "Demography Bureau Statement on Redistricting Data Timeline," Feb 12, 2021
  42. ↑ Office of the Attorney General of Ohio, "AG Yost Secures Victory for Ohioans in Settlement with Census Bureau Data Lawsuit," May 25, 2021
  43. ↑ U.S. Census Agency, "U.Due south. Census Bureau Statement on Release of Legacy Format Summary Redistricting Data File," March fifteen, 2021
  44. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Demography P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data," accessed August 12, 2021
  45. ↑ United states Census Bureau, "Census Agency Delivers 2020 Demography Redistricting Information in Easier-to-Use Format," September sixteen, 2021
  46. ↑ Politico, "Courtroom puts Illinois legislative map on hold," Oct. xx, 2021
  47. ↑ Longview News-Journal, "Court upholds Illinois legislative redistricting plan," Jan. iv, 2021
  48. ↑ WGEM, "Illinois Republicans file lawsuit against new redistricting maps," accessed June 9, 2021
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 United states District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, "Mexican American Legal Defense and Pedagogy Fund five. Illinois State Board of Elections," accessed June 15, 2021
  50. ↑ The MALDEF filing was on behalf of 5 registered voters: Contreras, Fuentes, Martinez, Padilla, and Torres. Martinez later left the lawsuit.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Daily Herald, "Federal 3-judge panel to decide whether state redistricting plan is constitutional," accessed July fifteen, 2021
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.ane The State Journal-Annals, "Illinois Democratic legislative leaders file motion to dismiss GOP redistricting lawsuit," accessed July 22, 2021
  53. ↑ The News Gazette, "Latino-rights group says Illinois' redrawn legislative maps still unfair," accessed September 2, 2021
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Chicago Tribune, "Illinois Republicans sue in federal court to try to overturn Autonomous-fatigued legislative maps," accessed June 9, 2021
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, "Durkin and McConchie five. Illinois State Board of Elections," accessed June 9, 2021
  56. ↑ Capitol News Illinois, "Plaintiffs: New legislative maps dilute Latino vote," October. 6, 2021
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 LawyersCommittee.org, "Complaint for Injunctive and Declaratory Relief," Oct. fifteen, 2021
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.ane Pacer Monitor, "United Congress of Community and Religious Organizations et al v. Illinois State Board of Elections et al," Oct. 20, 2021
  59. ↑ United states of america District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, "Case No. 1:21-cv-03091: Motion for Summary Judgment," accessed August 24, 2021
  60. ↑ Capitol News Illinois, "MALDEF amends redistricting complaint," accessed August iii, 2021
  61. ↑ gmtoday.com, "Some other group challenges Illinois' legislative maps," Oct. 13, 2021
  62. ↑ The Illinoize, "African American Group Asks Justice Department to Investigate Legislative Map," Oct. 11, 2021
  63. ↑ The Heritage Guide to the Constitution, "Election Regulations," accessed Apr thirteen, 2015
  64. ↑ Brookings, "Redistricting and the United States Constitution," March 22, 2011
  65. ↑ Brennan Center for Justice, "A Citizen'southward Guide to Redistricting," accessed March 25, 2015
  66. ↑ The Constitution of the Usa of America, "Article 1, Section 2," accessed March 25, 2015
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.two 67.3 67.iv 67.five 67.six All About Redistricting, "Where are the lines drawn?" accessed April 9, 2015
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.one 68.ii 68.3 FairVote, "Redistricting Glossary," accessed April 9, 2015
  69. ↑ All About Redistricting, "Who draws the lines?" accessed June nineteen, 2017
  70. ↑ All About Redistricting, "Why does it affair?" accessed Apr 8, 2015
  71. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Gerrymandering," November iv, 2014
  72. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "Congressional Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Overview," April 13, 2015
  73. ↑ The Wall Street Journal, "Supreme Courtroom to Consider Limits on Partisan Drawing of Election Maps," June nineteen, 2017
  74. ↑ The Washington Mail service, "Supreme Court to hear potentially landmark case on partisan gerrymandering," June xix, 2017
  75. ↑ Supreme Courtroom of the U.s.a., "Gill five. Whitford: Decision," June 18, 2018
  76. ↑ Ballot Law Blog, "Breaking: SCOTUS to Hear NC Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 27, 2016
  77. ↑ Ballot Admission News, "U.S. Supreme Court Accepts Another Racial Gerrymandering Instance," accessed June 28, 2016
  78. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Cooper five. Harris: Decision," May 22, 2017
  79. ↑ The Washington Post, "Supreme Court to hear challenge to Texas redistricting program," May 26, 2015
  80. ↑ The New York Times, "Supreme Courtroom Agrees to Settle Meaning of '1 Person One Vote,'" May 26, 2015
  81. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Evenwel v. Abbott," accessed May 27, 2015
  82. ↑ Associated Press, "Supreme Court to hear Texas Senate districts case," May 26, 2015
  83. ↑ Supreme Courtroom of the United states, "Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: Cursory for Appellants," accessed December fourteen, 2015
  84. ↑ Supreme Courtroom of the Usa, "Harris five. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission," April 20, 2016
  85. ↑ The New York Times, "Courtroom Skeptical of Arizona Plan for Less-Partisan Congressional Redistricting," March 2, 2015
  86. ↑ The Atlantic, "Will the Supreme Court Permit Arizona Fight Gerrymandering?" September xv, 2014
  87. ↑ United States Supreme Court, "Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: Opinion of the Court," June 29, 2015
  88. ↑ The New York Times, "Supreme Court Upholds Creation of Arizona Redistricting Commission," June 29, 2015
  89. ↑ The Huffington Post, "Illinois Redistricting: Quinn Signs Plan To Add Democratic Seats," June 24, 2011
  90. ↑ The Huffington Mail service, "Illinois Redistricting: Democrat-Backed Maps Caput To Quinn's Desk, Threaten Republican Gains," May 31, 2011
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